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科技類英語閱讀:“白金and藍(lán)黑”之爭(zhēng)

  摘要:一直以來為大家分享經(jīng)濟(jì)、政治類的文章閱讀,今天小編就為大家?guī)硪黄萍碱愇恼?。本文選自《自然》雜志上一篇名為“Hues and cry”的文章,是對(duì)前段時(shí)間引起熱議的“藍(lán)黑vs白金”事件的解讀,文章援引的例子之多,可謂是貫通古今,論證充分。

 

  ?【原文】
  Hues and cry

  A blue dress divided the Internet----and put the science of visual perception in the spotlight.

  I ①The influence on science and the arts of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe----poet,playwright, novelist, proto-scientist, philosopher and general all-round egghead----is profound. ②His view about the physiological nature of colors, however, have never really caught on, in part because he proposed that colors are more an invention of the mind than a physical reality. ③One thing, however, rings true: the appearance of objects is not objective, but a conversation between the observer and observed.

  II ①Neuroscientists have long recognized that the perception of color and shade depends strongly on context. ②Illusions exist, for example, in which one can be utterly convinced that black is white, depending on the surrounding patterns or the conditions in which an object is lit. ③But it is also true that all other things being equal, the perception of color differs between people.

  III ①One editor of this journal, for example, once owned a car that was, in his opinion, quite clearly green. ②It remained green in all conceivable circumstances of context, shade and illumination other than complete darkness. ③Except, however, that everyone else was equally convinced that it was blue----including the vehicle-licensing authority. ④The car was not only blue----it was officially blue.

  IV ①Recently, the Internet was deluged with strongly held opinion about color, specifically of a dress. ②The dress was advertised as being blue and black. ③But if illuminated in a certain way, the dress appeared white and gold. ④People were absolutely convinced of its color combination, one way or the other. ⑤The web exploded with chromatic debate after various celebrities bruited their opinions on Twitter. ⑥A straw poll of Nature’s editors (including the owner of the blue car) was roughly split down the middle, and convictions were strong----one way or the other.

  V ①The explanation for the illusion lies in the color of the light in which the dress was photographed. ②The brain of people who read the overall ambience as too blue willovercompensate, seeing the dress as white and gold. ③Others, whose visual systems read that the lighting was not blue enough, saw the dress as blue and black.

  VI①Wired magazine hosted a full discussion on the effect, and the consternation in that publication’s office seemed to reflect the brouhaha that briefly reigned in the otherwise serene halls of Nature. ②(The wheels of this international weekly journal of science briefly ground to a halt as so:” I can’t read any more manuscripts until I find out WHY? ”)

  VII ①On being told of the illusion, some people—but not all—could just about force themselves to see the dress as black and blue rather than white and gold. ②The picture is a clear demonstration that color perception varies between individuals, and according to the conditions of illumination. ③Such perception is distinct from the genetic conditions that predispose people to the various syndromes known as color blindness.

  VIII ①Had the ghost of Goethe been watching ‘dressgate’, he might have allowed himself a rueful smile, given the brickbats thrown in his direction by his scientific critics even in his own time, who, he said, “forgot that science arose from poetry, and did not see that when times change the tow can meet again on a higher level as friends.”

  ?【翻譯】
  色調(diào)與喊聲

  一件藍(lán)色的裙子將互聯(lián)網(wǎng)分為兩個(gè)陣營,視覺感知成為了人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。

  作為一個(gè)詩人、劇作家、小說家、哥德對(duì)科學(xué)和藝術(shù)的影響是很深刻的。他關(guān)于顏色的生理屬性的觀點(diǎn)卻從來沒有引起注意,一部分是因?yàn)樗岢觯伾撬季S干預(yù)的結(jié)果,而不是客觀的現(xiàn)實(shí)。其中一件事情聽起來像是真的:物體的外表并不是客觀的,而是觀察者和被觀察物對(duì)話的結(jié)果。

  神經(jīng)科學(xué)家很久以前就意識(shí)到,對(duì)顏色和濃淡的感知取決于背景?;糜X會(huì)存在,例如,當(dāng)一個(gè)人完全確信黑就是白時(shí),依據(jù)的是物體身處其中的環(huán)境模式或者條件。但是,事實(shí)是,當(dāng)其他條件都相同時(shí),對(duì)顏色的感知仍會(huì)因人而異。

  例如,這本期刊的一位編輯曾經(jīng)擁有一部他認(rèn)為是綠色的車。它在所有可以設(shè)想的場(chǎng)合里都是綠的,不管是在陰影中、光亮下或者完全黑暗里。除了一種情況:其他的每個(gè)人都確信這是藍(lán)色的車——包括車輛執(zhí)照當(dāng)局。這輛車不僅僅是藍(lán)色的---它被官方承認(rèn)是藍(lán)色的。

  最近,互聯(lián)網(wǎng)到處都是堅(jiān)定的關(guān)于顏色的意見,具體來說是關(guān)于一件裙子的。這件裙子被宣揚(yáng)為藍(lán)黑色的,但如果以某種方式用燈照亮,裙子似乎是白色和金色的。人們都非常確信它的顏色搭配,不管是哪一派。網(wǎng)上辯論激烈,特別是在各色名人在推特上傳播他們的觀點(diǎn)之后。一項(xiàng)關(guān)于《自然》編輯的民意調(diào)查(包括那位藍(lán)車車主)顯示支持傾向?yàn)橐话胍话耄还苁悄囊慌傻?,他們都?duì)自己那方深信不疑。

  對(duì)這一錯(cuò)覺的解釋關(guān)鍵在于裙子被拍攝時(shí)燈光的顏色上。人們的大腦在讀取綜合的氛圍格調(diào)時(shí),如果覺得太藍(lán)會(huì)矯枉過正,將裙子看做白色和金色。其他人,他們的視覺系統(tǒng)讀取燈光不夠藍(lán),看到的裙子就會(huì)是藍(lán)色和黑色的。

  互聯(lián)網(wǎng)雜志主持了一場(chǎng)關(guān)于這個(gè)效果的討論,在出版社辦公室的驚恐似乎反映了《自然》走廊里的喧嘩,在其他時(shí)候這個(gè)辦公室都是一片寧靜的。(這個(gè)國際性科學(xué)周刊頓時(shí)停工,有人喊道:“在我弄清楚為什么之前我再也讀不進(jìn)任何稿件了。”)

  被告知這個(gè)幻覺以后,部分的人——并不是全體,會(huì)強(qiáng)迫自己去把裙子看做藍(lán)色黑色而不是白色和金色。這個(gè)圖片清晰地展示顏色感知會(huì)因人而異,并且因照明條件而異。這種感知與另一種基因條件截然不同,那被認(rèn)為是色盲——容易誘發(fā)人們各種綜合癥。

  如果歌德的靈魂也在關(guān)注“裙子事件”,他也許會(huì)露出沮喪的笑容,在他的年代,他因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)見解使得自己面對(duì)公眾的辱罵。他說過:“忘記科學(xué)由詩歌激發(fā)而產(chǎn)生,看不到這一切,當(dāng)時(shí)間變化,他們能在更高的層次成為朋友。”

  ?【詞匯短語】
  1. *ambience  n. 氣氛,布景;周圍環(huán)境

  2. *brickbat  碎磚;磚片;批評(píng)的話;不遜之言

  3. *be deluged with v. 涌來,充滿

  4. *brouhaha n. (法)吵鬧;騷動(dòng)

  5. *bruit  vt. 散播

  6. *chromatic a. 彩色的;色品的;易染色的

  7. *consternation n. 驚愕;驚惶失措;恐怖

  8. *egghead  n. 理論家;受過高等教育的人

  9. illuminate n. 照亮,照明;用燈光裝飾

  10. illusion n.幻想,錯(cuò)誤的觀念;錯(cuò)覺,幻覺,假象

  11. *neuroscientist  n. 神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)科學(xué)家

  12. *overcompensate  v. 過度補(bǔ)償

  13.  physiological a.生理學(xué)的, 生理學(xué)上的

  14. *playwright n. 劇作家

  15. *predispose v. 使…偏向于

  16. *proto-scientist n.科學(xué)的雛形

  17.  reign v.統(tǒng)治,支配,盛行

  18.  ring true v.聽起來是真的

  19. *rueful a. 可憐的;悲傷的;悔恨的

  (注:標(biāo)*的為超綱詞)

  ?【點(diǎn)評(píng)】
  本文以前段時(shí)間引起熱議的“裙子是藍(lán)黑還是白金”事件引出話題,討論背后的色彩感知機(jī)制。文章援引的例子貫通古今,論證充分。

  段I先借歌德的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn):關(guān)于顏色的生理學(xué)特性,為后文討論顏色的生成機(jī)制引出話題。句①先指出歌德的多重身份:劇作家、哲學(xué)家、科學(xué)家。句②引出歌德對(duì)顏色的生成機(jī)制的看法,歌德認(rèn)為,顏色的產(chǎn)生并不完全由現(xiàn)實(shí)決定,更多是思維的結(jié)果,但是這一看法并未引起當(dāng)時(shí)人們的注意。“have never really caught on”形容當(dāng)時(shí)這一觀點(diǎn)的冷遇,與前文提到的歌德的多重身份形成對(duì)比。句③進(jìn)而聚焦于觀點(diǎn)本身的闡述:物體的外表模樣并不是客觀的,而是觀察者和被觀察物交流的結(jié)果。句③既是對(duì)歌德觀點(diǎn)的提煉,又為下文對(duì)主題的討論埋下伏筆,起承上啟下的作用。

  段II通過援引精神科學(xué)家對(duì)色彩感知機(jī)制的研究結(jié)果證明己方觀點(diǎn)。都是作為研究成果,段I與段II一古一今,相得益彰。句①總起全段,指出精神科學(xué)家早已意識(shí)到對(duì)色彩的感知依賴環(huán)境。句②進(jìn)一步闡述這種環(huán)境在色彩辨認(rèn)過程中的的作用之大,可以讓人把白色辨認(rèn)為黑色。“depend on”指“取決于”,強(qiáng)調(diào)環(huán)境在這一過程中扮演的角色非常重要。句③指出讓色彩感知產(chǎn)生差異的另一種情況:即使一切外部條件都是一致的,感知過程與結(jié)果也會(huì)因人而異。這個(gè)句子為段III 要闡釋說明的內(nèi)容埋下伏筆。

  段III 援引作者身邊的實(shí)例,證明段II句③的內(nèi)容:一位編輯擁有一輛無論在什么情況下,在他眼里都是綠色的車,然而,在其他人眼里,這輛車始終是藍(lán)色的,包括車管所的工作人員也這么認(rèn)為。“shade””illumination”和“complete darkness”分別指光線分布有異的三種情況:陰影下、光亮下、黑暗中,進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)外部條件的變化對(duì)個(gè)人視覺感知的影響效果甚微,反而是個(gè)人自身的感知決定了看到物體的顏色。呼應(yīng)段II句③的觀點(diǎn)。

  段IV引出全文中心事件:裙子是藍(lán)黑的還是白金的?句①用詞組“be deluged with”形容評(píng)論如潮,反映此事件在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上影響之廣泛。句②、③就事件進(jìn)行陳述:一件被宣揚(yáng)是藍(lán)底黑邊的裙子,在光線變化時(shí)會(huì)呈現(xiàn)出白色和金色。④、⑤、⑥句聚焦于人們對(duì)這件事的反映:大家都確信自己看到的才是裙子真正的顏色?;ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)上關(guān)于裙子顏色的討論如火如荼,而名人在推特網(wǎng)上對(duì)此事件的評(píng)論讓事情傳播得更為迅速。句⑥又回到《自然》編輯部本身:編輯們對(duì)此對(duì)半分派,但大家都對(duì)自己的結(jié)果深信不疑。

  段V著力于解釋事情背后的機(jī)制。句①總起全段,指出解釋的關(guān)鍵在于裙子被拍攝時(shí)的光線狀況。句②進(jìn)一步解釋:如果人腦在讀取光線的時(shí)候認(rèn)為太藍(lán),會(huì)自動(dòng)矯正調(diào)整顏色。調(diào)整的結(jié)果就是把藍(lán)黑色看成了白金色。句③則對(duì)同一場(chǎng)合的另外一種情況進(jìn)行解釋。

  段VI集中討論裙子事件在雜志社內(nèi)部引起的反響。段VII強(qiáng)調(diào)這種對(duì)色覺的感知是可以通過人腦進(jìn)行干預(yù)直接影響結(jié)果的。句①首先說,部分了解這個(gè)機(jī)制的人可以自如使自己將裙子看成想要的顏色。句②進(jìn)一步說明,在同等光線條件下人腦運(yùn)行的差異。與段II句③的觀點(diǎn)呼應(yīng)。句③則指出,這不是人們認(rèn)知意義上的色盲。

  段VIII重新回到歌德的例子,援引他的話對(duì)科學(xué)與藝術(shù)關(guān)系進(jìn)行說明。與首段暗合,首尾呼應(yīng),使得全文的論述形成環(huán)狀結(jié)構(gòu)。

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